This, together with the destruction that is carried out by a variety of wood-eating boring mollusks, bacteria, and, to a lesser degree, fungi, eventually consumes all traces of exposed timbers and other organic materials ( Figure 1 and Figure 2a) ( Kohlmeyer 1969 Wessel 1969 Grattan 1987 Herdendorf et al. Organic materials unprotected by sediment disappear over time due to waterlogging, which results in the leaching out of water-soluble elements (organic acids, starches, and sugars). Ancient Mediterranean shipwrecks normally reveal themselves through exposed inorganic artifacts, usually amphorae.
76–77 Port Berteau II shipwrecks : Rieth 2016, pp. 67, 69 figure 3–56, 71 Pisa D shipwreck : Bruni and Abbado 2000, pp. Indeed, only in rare cases, when vessels end their days inverted, do the upper parts of ancient wooden-planked ships survive (Herculaneum Boat : Steffy 1985 Steffy 1994, pp. This phenomenon also holds true for the vast majority of vessels that sank near coastal obstructions, an estimated 80 percent of all ship losses ( Bascom 1976, p. Vessels that went down in deep water will consistently land upright on the seabed, irrespective of the manner in which they disappeared below the waves (Robert D. During or after storms and battles, masts, sails, and rigging may have been lost or intentionally cut away (Acts 27:19). Furthermore, less information normally survives pertaining to the upper parts of ships than for their lower hulls and contents due to the vagaries of wooden-planked hulls’ preservation after their deposition on the seabed.
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